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Greek Contributions Essay - 1482 Words

Major Greek contributions include astronomy, optics, and acoustics, along with major advances in mathematics. Science in ancient Greece was based on logical thinking and mathematics. The Greeks were very interested to know about the world, the heavens, and themselves. Greek geniuses were articulate thinkers. (Pg. 55, Society and Technological Change) The Greek philosophers were very much drawn to mathematics. They invented its generality, analyzed its premises, and made notable discoveries of theorems by a rigid adherence to deductive reasoning. Geometry became the basic instrument for measuring all things. (Weinkopf, a†¦show more content†¦The famous Eureka incident where water overflowed in his bath led him to discover the principle of displacement. His works showed how the behavior of objects in various media might be shown to follow rules of behavior, which could be measured using geometric means. Archimedes shifted the emphasis from mysterious qualities which objects were thought to possess to quantifiable matters such as weight, centers of gravity, balance, and so on. He invented ingenious machines of war, calculated the value of emf/em#224;, and devised a mathematical exponential system to express extremely large numbers. His best-known invention was a machine for raising water called Archimedes screw. (Rorr es, a href=http://www.mcs.drexel.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/contents.htmlhttp://www.mcs.drexel.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/contents.html/a) Greek philosophers and scientists developed a number of important astronomical ideas. Thales is credited with introducing geometrical ideas into astronomy. Thales taught that everything in nature is composed of one basic thing, which he believed to be water. He and two generations of followers are credited with the invention of philosophy. They asked questions about how the universe worked and looked to naturalistic explanations for the origin of the world and everything inShow MoreRelatedThe Main Contributions from Greek Society Essay572 Words   |  3 PagesThe Greek civilization was the first European civilization. At this point in time religion is not prevalent or influential. The European religion was borrowed from the Middle East. There are two main contributions from the Greek civilization. They were politics and secular. Polis the Greek word for city state is where politics came from. They had modern politics with the first democracy. It was divided into city-states that rule themselves in a democratic fashion. With this they have the majorityRead MoreEssay on Ancient Greek Contributions602 Words   |  3 PagesAncient Greek Contributions Ancient Greece forged many of the contributions seen in western civilizations. One of the most influential contributions is literature. 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As well as Pythagoras’s Theorem, A (2) +B (2) =C (2) Euclid (Eukleides)of Alexandria, treatise on geometry, the Elements. Origins of Architecture. Modern skyscrapers are still designed in the image of the great Greek Columns. MathematicalRead MoreEgyptian Contributions And Greek Culture1678 Words   |  7 PagesSTATEMENT Egyptian contributions were critical to the development of Greek culture. The Nile Valley civilization is the basis of philosophy, science, and medicine that is often times solely credited to the Greeks. PURPOSE STATEMENT After thorough research and analysis the Nile Valley Contributions to Greek civilization are evident. THE BEGINNINGS Ancient Greece is regarded as the beginnings of advanced sciences and philosophies and the fundamentals of the western world. For years, Greek culture has beenRead MoreGreek, India, and China Contributions552 Words   |  2 Pageslives are based on technology. 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Comparing throughput accounting and cost based approaches Essay Example For Students

Comparing throughput accounting and cost based approaches Essay This undertaking reviews and compares the constructs of throughput accounting ( TA ) and cost-based attacks. The primary aim is to look into of both attacks so as to supply direction with the capableness of doing better operations determinations in the presence of diverse activities and committed costs. First, we look at the preliminary to alter in cost-based attacks. Second, Throughput Accounting ( TA ) and Theory of Constraints ( TOC ) are discussed such as the five stairss for betterments in TOC. Next, the impact of the company of switching to throughput accounting is truly great? Then, Goldratt and Galloway and Waldron criticize of TA. Finally, TA versus Cost-Based attacks are compared based on numerical illustrations and statements. Numeric consequences show that both TA and cost-based attacks can supply direction with better public presentation measuring of cut downing the costs and assist to better the company s profitableness. Consequently, suggestions for incorporating the t wo attacks are in conclude. I am a works director describing to the Division Vice President in one of the UK s corporation which produces investing casting for jet engines in the aerospace industry. My corporation has felt the demand for a more antiphonal, more holistic attacks and therefore the Division Vice President surveies about the throughput accounting ( TA ) and theory of restraints ( TOC ) , introduced in McGuinn s 2009 article, Got Lean? Six Sigma? Here s Another Theory . Therefore, he asked me to carry on thorough research and educate him on the throughput accounting versus cost-based accounting attacks. Research a few instance surveies as illustrations of the needed displacement and the impact it has on companies. Further, He expected me to reply inquiries such as: What are Throughput Accounting ( TA ) and Theory of Constraints ( TOC ) ? Is the impact of the company of switching to throughput accounting truly great? Criticism of Throughput Accounting ( TA ) Throughput Accounting ( TA ) Versus Cost-Based Accounting My Division Vice President believes that this research will profit the strategic way of the company and aid him in effectual determination devising. Outline1 Introduction2 2.0 A Preliminary to Change in Cost-Based Accounting Approaches3 Throughput Accounting ( TA ) and Theory of Constraints ( TOC )4 Identify the Constraints5 Decide How to Make the Best Use of Constraints6 Submit Non-constraints to Constraints7 Promote the Constraints8 Following Removal of Current Constraint, Redo All Steps9 Is the Impact of the Company of Switching to Throughput Accounting truly Great?10 Evaluates the Practicality11 Impact on the Companies12 Criticism of Throughput Accounting ( TA )13 Throughput Accounting ( TA ) Versus Cost-Based Accounting14 Decision15 Mentions Introduction Not to speak about non-profit organisation, the ultimate end of any company is merely to do more money. In order to derive more, there must be greater speed of system in bring forthing the money. TA is the first attack that factors in the most of import component losing in all of the cost-based accounting attacks Throughput ( TOC Center, 1999 ) . TA is non a bing systems and which is a cardinal displacement off from the focal point on costs and the allotment of them to merchandises. Throughput can be defined as the rate at which the company generates more grosss through gross revenues ( TOC Center, 1999 ) . From this statement, it can be concluded that what a company can make in order to hold on its end is by maximizing its throughput. 2.0 A Preliminary to Change in Cost-Based Accounting Approaches It is believed that cost-based attacks do non flux with the development in fabricating environment such as traditional accounting, which is proved by the fact that traditional accounting today still places same accent on direct labor cost as what it did during its early period of development. True plenty that today s fabrication life in which more mechanization is required, has led direct labor to lose influence and caused the cost-based accounting to go disused technique. Furthermore, cost-control is of import but cost-based attacks are non accomplishing corporate gross revenues and net incomes growing ( TOC Center, 1999 ) . No company aims to downsize as its long-run corporate scheme. However, cost-based attacks are impeding a company from doing net incomes. Cost-based attacks focus on commanding costs, seting disbursal at the Centre of the decision-making and public presentation measuring procedure. Consequently, the terminal consequence is informations that does non fit world and therefore, there is a turning realization that the demand of different options to cut down the unintended and inaccurate consequence of cost-based attacks. A survey conducted by TOC Center ( 1999 ) added that directors in 100s of companies have merely used cost accounting attack merely when it is able to allow the figure which is closest to their outlook. Called to do a difference, the application of Theory of Constraints ( TOC ) thoughts as Throughput Accounting is a systems direction doctrine developed by Ellyahu. M. Goldratt in the early 1980s ( Dugdale and Jones, 1998 ) . Conversely, cost-based accountings fail to acknowledge the critical function of restraints and handle all countries as every bit of import ( TOC Center, 1999 ) . The TOC Center uses the TOC constructs to speed up procedure betterment in fabrication and undertaking operations which has a 15 twelvemonth path record of assisting companies. It has worked with more than 100 companies utilizing TOC to do big springs in operational public presentation. TOC Center has been on the taking border of the facilitating alteration since the publication of The Goal more than 20 old ages ago. The publication day of the month of this article showed the twelvemonth 1999. In other words, it was published a decennary ago. Therefore, the relevancy of the article could be questioned. However, in this article, it is relevant to the subject of my article because the intent of my research is to give a broad scope of illustrations and statements in order to compare the TA and cost-based attacks. The TOC Center doctrine is you get the consequences or you do nt pay and thump it uses a few instance surveies as illustrations of the needed displacement and the impact it has on companies, proven concentrating techniques of TA and wholly criticizes the cost-based attacks as an obsolete technique which should non be used. The illustrations provided is proved plenty to exemplify how effectual of the TA is because which are giving in the different industries. It has increased the sensed dependability towards the contents of my undertaking. David Dugdale is presently Professor Emeritus of Management Accounting at the University of Bristol. All of his plants systematically discussed direction accounting subjects including bing systems, public presentation measuring and investing decision-making. He is besides a vice-chair of the Research Board of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants and an Associate Editor of the British Accounting Review. Hence, his experiences allowed him to carry on a really dependable survey on the subject of direction accounting. Another writer, T. Colwyn Jones is Emeritus Professor of Sociology of Accounting at the University of the West of England, Bristol. He is besides an Editorial Board member: Accountancy, Business and the Public Interest ; PhD Supervisor, University of Canterbury, NZ and therefore, there will be no inquiry of the dependability of both writers. In this article, David Dugdale and Colwyn Jones appreciatively acknowledge the fiscal support of CIMA Research Foundation for their research into accounting for throughput. They indicate how merchandises could be ranked harmonizing TA ratio and besides conclude by depicting the manner in which merchandise costs can be compiled on TA rules. The inclusion of expression has increased the sensed dependability towards the contents of article as a whole. Therefore, their work is relevant to my undertaking. However, the publication day of the month for this article showed the twelvemonth 1998 and therefore the relevancy of the article could be questioned. Nevertheless, a new publication in 2008 by Fry, Philipoom and Leitch indicated a sense of similarity to the work of David Dugdale and Colwyn Jones. For illustration, in speaking about TA or the usage of TOC, both writers quoted Goldratt attack. Besides, for some of the parts of their publications, although they structured their words and w orks otherwise, it can be found out that their points were really matched to each other. To speak the same messages with a 2008 publication regardless the fact that it was published in 1998, means the constructs adopted for the paper by Dugdale and Colwyn Jones are still relevant today. Throughput Accounting ( TA ) and Theory of Constraints ( TOC ) TA is advocated by the Theory of Constraints ( TOC ) which was developed and popularized by Goldratt ( 1990 ) , Goldratt and Cox ( 1992 ) , Fredendall and Lea ( 1997 ) , Hall et Al. ( 1997 ) , and Ruhl ( 1996, 1997 ) . Boyd and Cox ( 2002 ) besides included this cost system in their optimum determination doing survey in a forced environment ( Fry et al. , 2008, p.1671 ) .The job arises when it is found out that there is ever a factor which limits the throughput. This factor is known as restraint. Goldratt stressed the importance of restraint to company s public presentation and proposed Theory of Constraints ( TOC ) as a procedure of changeless betterment to the company. There are five stairss for betterments in the TOC. Timothy D. Fry is Professor of Management Science, University of South Carolina ; Columbia, South Carolina. He has been carry oning a batch of surveies in the countries of Management Accounting and Operations Management. On the other manus, the clip period was from 1979 until 2005 in his paper. He used statistics to back up his points, and therefore his research is dependable. However, my standing is that the beginning is non entirely relevant to my article. Identify the Constraints There are no perfect attacks in this universe and all attacks are capable to desert. Thus, critical rating of failing is necessary for development. Constraints could be related to clip, infinite and many other things. A research in the Hi-Tech industry which is conducted by Pass and Ronen ( 2003 ) discovered that the High-tech house ever has two Permanent Constrictions: selling and gross revenues ( M A ; S ) and R A ; D . Decide How to Make the Best Use of Constraints At this measure, there is no extra investing yet. Base on balls and Ronen ( 2003 ) identified three actions to be taken which are efficiency betterments, effectiveness betterments, and riddance of policy and silent person restraints . In the instance of the Hi-Tech house where M A ; S and R A ; D are the jobs, for efficiency to be improved, critical rating should be carried out for the work of sales representatives and R A ; D people. Pass and Ronen ( 2003 ) noticed that sales representatives waste over 50 % of their clip on irrelevant and non-value added occupations and they besides monitored a senior system applied scientist blowing hours of his cherished clip on upgrading the Windows package at workstations . In order to better the effectivity of the Hi-Tech house, they argued that strategic showing and prioritizing of merchandises, services, undertakings, clients and markets on which the house wishes to concentrate should be done. Finally, it is necessary to extinguish both policy and dummy restraints. In this instance, Pass and Ronen ( 2003 ) pointed out that the usage of traditional cost accounting as company s policy can impede the company in accomplishing its end and therefore, there is a demand to take it. Pass and Ronen s paper is published in 2003 which is clip oversight of 7 old ages to current concern environment. Time is money in concern and therefore the thoughts of the article may non to the full reflect the current conditions of the concern universe. However, the paper addresses the issue of pull offing a market-constrained High-tech house, from the vantage point of the Theory of Constraints ( TOC ) . The tabular array and figure which indicated in the paper is clearly explained or quoted beginnings. And, to look at making, Ronen is a Professor of Business Administration at Tel Aviv University s Leon Recanati Graduate School of Business Administration. He has published over 100 documents in taking academic and professional diaries and co-authored several books on Theory of Constraints and advanced managerial methods. Besides, prior to his academic calling he worked for 10 old ages in the hi-tech electronics industry and therefore, based on his experience, my standing is that th e survey done by Ronen is relevant and dependable. Of Gardens EssayIn relation to the application of theory of restraints, Goldratt introduced stock buffers to protect the constrictions. However, Galloway and Waldron argue that no affair what purposes it might be, the determination to add more stock lists is ever a bad determination. The ground is because it may do the production directors to be slack in their occupations. They may non care about the constrictions and will non trouble oneself to acquire rid of them. That is why Galloway and Waldron would prefer to utilize Just in Time ( JIT ) principles as it encourages zero stock ( Dugdale and Jones, 1996a ) . On the other manus, the biggest unfavorable judgment of throughput accounting is that it is merely relevant in the short term. The existent challenges come when the organisation has a fixed supply of resources, when its disbursals and disbursement for the following period other than stuffs have already been determined, when its merchandises have already been designed, when its monetary values have been set, and when its clients orders have been received ( Corbett, 2000 ) . Throughput Accounting ( TA ) Versus Cost-Based Accounting Today companies are good along in the execution of cost-based attacks because cost control is of import and the most of import that directors use cost accounting to assist do schemes determination to cut down the company s costs and in order to accomplish the company gross revenues. Harmonizing to Goldratt, traditional cost accounting has placed utmost accent in pressing runing disbursal to the lower limit. It might be relevant in the past because companies competed on the footing of monetary value. Therefore, decrease of cost is really of import as it provides competitory advantage ( Bowhill and Lee, 2002 ) . However, Goldratt argued that now this action has high inclination to misdirect. In the effort of cut downing cost, the company might lose the chance for good investing. In the terminal, throughput will endure. Because of this, Goldratt urges for extremist alteration in managerial accent. If anterior to the rise of Throughput Accounting ( TA ) , runing disbursal comes foremost, followed by throughput and stock list, now throughput will be placed as figure one, followed by stock list and operating disbursal ( Goldratt, 1990, pp.47-51 ) . On the other manus, cost-based accounting attacks focus on commanding costs at the exclusion of throughput, seting disbursal at the Centre of the decision-making and public presentation measuring procedure. Therefore, the terminal consequence is informations that does non fit world ( TOC Center, 1999 ) . As an add-on, TA besides identified groundless point of utilizing direct labor as a base of allotment in traditional full costing. The logical thinking will be because labour cost has lost relevancy in today s universe. In relation with this position, Lea and Min ( 2008 ) said that direct labor might consist less than 10 % in extremely machine-controlled fabrication houses . In other words, direct labor has merely little influence toward the company as a whole. Finally, TA besides does non apportion costs to merchandises ( Corbett, 2000 ) . Lea and Min ( 2008 ) cite the plants of OGuin ( 1991 ) and Horngren et Al. ( 2000 ) to add to this point and conclude that allotment of the operating expense to merchandises utilizing traditional volume-based cost drivers caused merchandise cost deformation when different types of merchandises ( e.g. simple high volume merchandises and complex low-volume merchandises ) are manufactured . As the consequence we can see that cost-based accounting attacks have lost some of its usefulness since it requires more attempt but without supplying better consequences. However, the most of import is how the companies seek and implement or even do the best usage of both attacks because there are still many possibilities that both attacks can be combined to accomplish the companies overall objectivenesss. The publication day of the month for TOC Center s paper showed the twelvemonth 1999 and therefore the relevancy of the article could be questioned. However, a new publication in 2009 by McGuinn indicated a sense of similarity to the work of TOC Center. For illustration, in speaking about Throughput Accounting V. Cost Accounting, both writers argued both of the attacks. Hence, in relation to my article, some of the statements from the TOC Center s paper are similar to the other up to day of the month publications. However, some of the contents are simply based on TOC Center s point of positions so there is possibility that it is non being nonsubjective in its analysis and demoing prejudice. Hence, in overall, I perceive that the article is of small dependability. Decision There are assorted techniques and theoretical accounts in the existent universe which are adopted by each company to accommodate their ain industry specific demands. Cost control is of import but the most of import that directors use cost accounting to assist do schemes determination to cut down the company s costs and in order to accomplish the company gross revenues and net incomes growing. Presents, the usage of throughput accounting additions because of the companies realise some possible danger that the conventional costing attacks might bring forth inaccurate information and therefore cause the directors make incorrect determinations. However, given the cardinal function of direction accounting in all concern maps, is the impact on the concern of switching to throughput accounting truly great? Throughput accounting has caused the displacement in accounting practicians mentality, but non all. Besides, it is non easy to alter from one method to another. It would take clip to acquire used to and to gain its benefits. Not all companies are flexible and can easy accommodate with its altering environment. Goldratt has wholly criticised cost accounting for being non relevant and developed the thoughts for throughput accounting based on his theory of restraints. In the development of throughput accounting, there are people who support, expand and knock the theory. In the terminal, the utility of throughput accounting remains to be an unfastened treatment and proper rating demands to be done for every determination devising. This is supported by TOC Center ( 1999 ) , TA now offers a manner to understand, analyze, and concentrate productiveness betterment attempts based on their impact on cost and Throughput. Companies seeking to drive Throughput-based betterment should see the logic of utilizing a likewise capable accounting/decision theoretical account to carry through their purposes. Although cost-based accounting attacks have highlighted that clearly apprehension of what it costs to supply products/services is at the same clip a tool for better direction. However, this may non be accurate adequate to do concern determination. Therefore, companies have felt the demand for a more antiphonal, more holistic system. Since the coming of TA, companies can hold a better pick among all of these cost accounting theoretical accounts, seek to rectify the cognition spread between the theory and pattern to assist do determinations to cut down the costs and the most of import thing is to better the company s profitableness. Last but non least, all of the diaries and beginnings which I have gone through are truly a brilliant works from the writers. Most of the writers are adept in direction accounting with experience of more than 10 old ages in the academic line and therefore their experiences allowed them to carry on a really dependable survey. They help me to bring forth a high degree thesis because it will impact the logic or line of statement. However, some of the writers plants are partially relevant to the subject of my undertaking. Furthermore, there is possibility that the writers are non being objective in their analysis. Hence, it is of import to acknowledge the demand for information and find the extent of information needed so entree the information efficaciously and expeditiously in order for information to go grounds. Besides, the day of the month of publication was considered relevant as it showed from 2008 to 2009. In contrast, the relevancy of the article could be questioned. However, s ome new publication in 2008 or 2009 indicated a sense of similarity to the work of writer and therefore for most of the parts of their publications, although they structured their words and works otherwise, it can be found out that their points were really matched to each other. Therefore, it means the constructs adopted for the paper are still relevant today. Mentions Bowhill, B. and Lee, B. ( 2002 ) The mutual exclusiveness of standard bing systems and modern fabrication: penetration or unproved tenet? The Journal of Applied Accounting Research . 6 ( 3 ) . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do? contentType=Article A ; contentId=1718428. . Boyd, H. L. and Cox III, J. F. ( 2002 ) Optimal determination doing utilizing cost accounting information. International Journal of Production Research . 40 ( 8 ) , pp.1879-1898. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/tprs/2002/00000040/00000008/art00007. . CIMA ( 2008 ) Theory of restraints and throughput accounting. Topic Gateway Series . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www1.cimaglobal.com/Documents/ImportedDocuments/cid_tg_activity_based_costing_nov08.pdf.pdf. . Corbett, T. ( 2000 ) Throughput Accounting and Activity-Based Costing: The Driving Factors Behind Each Methodology. Journal of Cost Management. pp.37-45. Dugdale, D. and Jones, T. C. ( 1996a ) Accounting for throughput portion 1- the theory. Management Accounting. pp.24-29. Dugdale, D. and Jones, T. C. ( 1996b ) Accounting for throughput portion 2- pattern. Management Accounting. pp.38-42. Dugdale, D. and Jones, T. C. ( 1997 ) Accounting for throughput: Techniques for public presentation measuring, determinations and control. Management Accounting. pp.52-56. Dugdale, D. and Jones, T. C. ( 1998 ) Throughput Accounting: Transforming Practices? British Accounting Review. 30, pp.203-220. Fry, T. D. , Philipoom, P. R. and Leitch, R. A. ( 2008 ) Accounting-based Heuristics for Order Processing and Reivew in a Stochastic Environment. International Journal of Production Research. 46 ( 6 ) , pp.1667-1684. Goldratt, E.M. ( 1990 ) The Haystack Syndrome. Great Barrington: The North River Press. pp.19-30, pp.47-51, pp.59-62. Goldratt s selling group ( 2008 ) Reference Bank . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.toc-goldratt.com/interna.php? search=1 A ; subsub= A ; sub=18 A ; refpage=1 A ; action=2 A ; inicial=80 A ; sales=0 A ; qur=all A ; country=0. . Hutagalung, N. ( 2003 ) Throughput Accounting = End of Traditional Cost Accounting Activity-Based Management Approaches? Ingenious. 1 ( 1 ) , pp.40-50. McGuinn, J. ( 2009 ) Got Thin? Six Sigma? Here s Another Theory. Gear Technology. pp.33-38. Lea, B. and Min, H. ( 2003 ) Choice of direction accounting systems in Just-In-Time and Theory of Constraints-based fabrication. International Journal of Production Research . 41 ( 13 ) , pp.2879-2910. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/tprs/2003/00000041/00000013/art00001. . Pass, A. and Ronen, B. ( 2003 ) Management by the market restraint in the High-tech industry. International Journal of Production Research . 41 ( 4 ) , pp.713-724. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //dx.doi.org/10.1080/0020754031000065494. . Ricketts, J. A. ( 2007 ) Throughput Accounting for Professional, Scientific and Technical Services. Patent Application Publication . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.freepatentsonline.com/y2007/0112652.html. . TOC Center ( 1999 ) Throughput Accounting A TOC Center White Paper . Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tocc.com/Articles/TA_TOCC.PDF. .